Descriptive statistics aim to summarize the characteristics of a given data set. In contrast, inferential statistics aim to use a sample of data to draw inferences about the whole population (i.e., hypothesis testing). Types of Descriptive Statistics 1. Measures of Central Tendency Central tendency is used to describe where the center of a dataset is located. Mean, … Read more
A population is the entire group of individuals about whom you want to draw conclusions. In contrast, a sample is the subset of the same entire group. Example 1 of sample and population You would like to study if students like online courses at your university. Suppose your university has 10K students; thus, these 10K students … Read more
You can use the VARP, VAR.P, or VARPA functions in Excel to calculate population variance. Data Example The following is the data example for population variance. Example of VARP() Type =VARP(B2:B12) in a cell in Excel to calculate population variance. The population variance is 46.23. Example of VAR.P() Type =VAR.P(B2:B12) in a cell in Excel to calculate population variance. The population … Read more
This tutorial shows the formula for population variance and the steps for calculating population variance by hand. Formula Population variance is the measure of the variability of a population. The following is the formula for population variance. where, Population vs. Sample Data The following is the population of a set of data. It has 11 … Read more
You can use the VAR, VAR.S or VARA functions to calculate sample variance. Data Example We are going to use the following sample of 6 students with math scores. The following is how the data looks in Excel. Example of Var() Thus, you can type =VAR(B2:B7) at E2 to calculate sample variance. You can type it anywhere other than E2 … Read more
Sample variance is the measure of the variability in a given sample. A sample is a set of observations that are a subset of a population. Sample Variance Formula The following is the formula for sample variance. where, Data Example The following is a sample of 6 students with math scores. Calculating sample variance by … Read more
You can use the syntax of =AVERAGE() to calculate the mean in Excel. Example 1: one column You type the syntax of =AVERAGE(B2:B12) in one cell. Basically you can choose any cells to type that, and I just chose E2 as an example. Example 2: Two columns For data in two different columns, you need … Read more
STDEV(), STDEV.S(), and STDEV.P() can be used to calculate standard deviation in Excel. It depends on if you are calculating sample or population standard deviation. Sample Standard Deviation: Use either STDEV() or STDEV.S(). Population Standard Deviation: Use STDEV.P(). Example 1 The following is a sample of 6 students. You can use =STDEV(B2:B7) to calculate the sample standard … Read more
This tutorial shows detailed steps of how to do paired-sample t-test in Excel with a data example. Data Example The data table shown below has 3 columns, name, math, and English. We are going to compare if Math and English are significantly different. Hypothesis The followings are the null hypothesis and the alternative one for … Read more
ANOVA Two-Factor without Replication is used for a design of two factors (e.g., Factor A and Factor B) and only 1 observation in each cell. For instance, both Factor A and Factor B have two levels, leading to 4 cells in total. Each cell only has 1 observations (see below). Variance Partitioning Two-Factor ANOVA without … Read more