import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom scipy import statsdef plot_f_distribution(df1, df2, alpha=0.05): # Create x values for the plot x = np.linspace(0, 5, 1000) # Calculate F-distribution values y = stats.f.pdf(x, df1, df2) # Calculate critical F-value f_crit = stats.f.ppf(1 – alpha, df1, df2) # Create the plot plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6)) # Add solid black … Read more
This tutorial shows how to create OpenAI website style illustrations using Python Turtle graphics. The following includes two examples. Example 1: Parallel Lines The following is the first example of drawing an OpenAI-style figure using Python Turtle. If you run the code, you will get the following figure, which includes some parallel lines with different … Read more
This tutorial shows how you can calculate p-value for linear regression. It includes formulas and data examples in Python. Formulas for p-value in Linear Regression We can estimate the regression coefficient B using the following formula. Where, Such calculation only generates regression coefficients but no p-values. To calculate the p-value, you need to calculate the … Read more
This tutorial compares t-distribution and normal distribution by explaining the similarities and connections between t-distribution and normal distribution. Similarities between t-distribution and normal distribution There are a few similarities between t-distribution and normal distribution. The following figure shows the t-distribution density function curve and the standard normal curve. As we can see, as the sample … Read more
There are 2 methods of changing the column names of Pandas Dataframes. The following shows the basic Python code syntax for changing column names of Pandas Dataframes. Method 1: df.rename(columns={‘old_name_1′:’new_name_1’, ‘old_name_2′:’new_name_2’}, inplace=True) Method 2: df = df.rename({‘old_name_1′:’new_name_1’, ‘old_name_2′:’new_name_2’}, axis=1) Example 1 of changing column names of Pandas DataFrames (Method 1) The following is the first … Read more
You can use Numpy column_stack() or row_stack() to combine lists into an array. As Columns: np.column_stack((list1, list2,…)) As Rows: np.row_stack((list1, list2,…)) Example 1 of lists to columns The following combines lists into an array using column_stack(). Thus, lists become columns in the array. [[6 2 4] [2 1 1] [3 3 2] [4 4 4] … Read more
This tutorial shows examples of checking if an item is in a Python list. Method 1: item in list_name Method 2: list_name.index(item) Method 3: list_name.count(item) Example for method 1: Check if an item in a list The following code checks if the item of number 6 is in a list. The following is the output, … Read more
This tutorial uses 2 examples to show how to count the number of NaN in Pandas dataframes. Method 1: count the number of NaN by columns: df.isnull().sum() Method 2: count the number of NaN in the whole dataframe: df.isnull().sum().sum() Example for Method 1 The following counts the number of NaN by columns using df.isnull().sum(). The … Read more
You can check if any value is NaN in a dataframe in Pandas in Python by using the following 2 methods. Method 1: check if any value is NaN by columns: df.isnull().any() Method 2: Check if any value is NaN in the whole dataframe: df.isnull().any().any() Example for Method 1 The following checks if any value … Read more
You can replace NaN with Blank/Empty cells using either fillna() or replace() in Python. Single Column: Method 1: df[‘Column_name’].fillna(‘ ‘) Method 2: df[‘Column_name’].replace(np.nan,’ ‘, regex=True) Whole dataframe: Method 1: df.fillna(‘ ‘) Method 2: df.replace(np.nan, ‘ ‘, regex=True) Example 1: single column The following uses fillna() to replace NaN with empty cells in a single column. The updated dataframe has … Read more