This tutorial shows how to convert CSV file to Excel in Python with examples and detailed steps. The following shows the specific steps. Steps of Convert CSV to Excel in Python Step 1 Install Pandas Pandas is a commonly used Python package and we can use it to convert CSV to Excel files. If your … Read more
This tutorial shows how to convert list to string in Python with examples. Example 1 The following Python code first generate a sample list and then use join() to change the list to string. The following is the output. [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’] a b c d Example 2 When a list contains elements of … Read more
Naive versus Aware Datetime Objects in Python The Difference between Naive versus Aware Datetime Objects is on time zone information: naive datetime objects does not have information on the time zone, whereas timezone-Aware datetime objects associate with timezone information Example of Native Datetime Objects By default, datetime.now() does not return information about the time zones. The … Read more
This tutorial shows how to fix the error of has no attribute ‘dataframe’ in Python. The error could appear as follows. AttributeError: ‘int’ object has no attribute ‘DataFrame’ AttributeError: module ‘pandas’ has no attribute ‘dataframe’. Did you mean: ‘DataFrame’? AttributeError: partially initialized module ‘pandas’ has no attribute ‘DataFrame’ (most likely due to a circular import) … Read more
This tutorial shows how to remove rows with NA in one column in R. There are two R syntax to remove rows with NA in a single one column. # Use is.na() function dataframe_name[!is.na(dataframe_name$column_name),] # Use na.omit() function na.omit(dataframe_name, cols = “column_name”) Sample Data Frame Being Used The following R code to generate a sample … Read more
The main difference between interval and ratio data lies in the presence or absence of a meaningful zero point and the nature of the numerical values. Interval Data Interval data is a type of quantitative data where the intervals between values are equal and consistent. It has a numerical scale that represents the magnitude of … Read more
Likert scales are widely used in surveys and questionnaires to assess respondents’ attitudes, opinions, or perceptions. However, there has been ongoing debate regarding whether Likert scales should be classified as ordinal data or interval data. This tutorial aims to explore the nature of Likert scales and provide insights into their appropriate treatment in statistical analysis. … Read more
Formulas of MSE and RSS Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) is the numerator in the formula of Mean Squared Error (MSE). That is, RSS is part of MSE formula. where, \( n \) is the number of observations. \( \hat{y_i} \) is is estimated value. \( y_i \) is observed value. \( p \) is the is the number of … Read more
There are two ways to change column names in R, one is to change all column names and a specific column name. The following is the R code syntax to change column names. Method 1: Change a specific column name: colnames(df_name)[which(names(df_name) == ‘old_col_name’)] <- ‘new_col_name’ Method 2: Change all column names: colnames(dataframe_name) <- c(“New_col_name_1″,”New_col_name_2”,…) Example … Read more
You can use the read_sav() function from the haven library to read SPSS files in R. The syntax of the function is as follows. read_sav(“file_name.sav”) Step 1: Install haven library The first step is to install the library of “haven” into your local computer. install.packages(‘haven’) Step 2: Library it in R Studio As for other libraries, you need … Read more