Category: Statistics
Difference between Logit and Probit
This tutorial explains the difference between logit and probit in statistics with formulas and examples. Formula and Example for Logit We can start with the following formula. Thus, \( \beta_0+\beta_1x_1+…+\beta_nx_n \) can be from \( -\infty \) to \(+\infty \),...
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Two-Way ANOVA: Formulas and Calculation by Hand
This tutorial will first show the formulas for Two-way ANOVA and then use an example to show how you can calculate two-way ANOVA by hand. The following depicts the conceptual framework of the variance breaking down for two-way ANOVA. Typically,...
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Sum of Squares: Formulas and Examples
This tutorial includes the formula and examples for Sum of Squares (SS). Sum of Squares (SS) is a measure of deviation from the mean and the following is its formula. It is to square the distance between each data point and...
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Difference between Interval and Ratio Data
The main difference between interval and ratio data lies in the presence or absence of a meaningful zero point and the nature of the numerical values. Interval Data Interval data is a type of quantitative data where the intervals between...
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Likert Scales: Ordinal Data or Interval Data
Likert scales are widely used in surveys and questionnaires to assess respondents’ attitudes, opinions, or perceptions. However, there has been ongoing debate regarding whether Likert scales should be classified as ordinal data or interval data. This tutorial aims to explore...
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ANOVA Assumptions
There are 3 assumption for ANOVA: Normality – The responses for each factor level have a normal population distribution. Equal variances (Homogeneity of Variance) – These distributions have the same variance. Independence – The data are independent. You can use R to test...
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Syntax for chi-square test in SPSS
In some situations, the syntax is easier than the visual menu to use in SPSS. This tutorial provides examples of syntax for chi-square test in SPSS. 2 Examples of Syntax for chi-square test in SPSS Example 1: One variable The...
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One Variable Chi-Square in SPSS
This tutorial shows how you can do one variable chi-square in SPSS with detailed examples. The following shows two examples, one using Syntax and one using a menu interface. Examples of One Variable Chi-Square in SPSS Example 1 A school...
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Logistic Regression in SPSS
This tutorial shows how you can do logistic regression in SPSS step by step. Logistic regression is a model testing the relationship between Y (which is a binary variable) and X (X can be more than one). logistic regression is also called logit...
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Multiple Linear Regression in SPSS
This tutorial shows how to do multiple linear regression in SPSS. Different from simple linear regression, multiple linear regression has more than 2 or more independent variables (i.e., multiple Xs). In this tutorial, we test if students’ writing scores and...
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